AUSTRALIA

General

A - H

Aarons, Mark. Sanctuary: Nazi Fugitives in Australia. Melbourne: Heinemann, 1989.

According to Cain, I&NS 6.1, "ASIO raised no objections" when Nazi war criminals and Nazi collaborators from Eastern Europe "applied for [Australian] citizenship and gave them security clearances in succeeding years.... Aarons discusses numerous cases where ASIO has been less than diligent in exposing the murderous backgrounds of these immigrants."

Andrew, Christopher. "The Growth of the Australian Intelligence Community and the Anglo-American Connection." Intelligence and National Security 4, no. 1 (Apr. 1989): 213-256.

Clark comment: Andrew's judicious approach makes this article the best brief exposition of the development of Australian intelligence from World War I through the mid-1980s that this reader has seen. His conclusion that "[t]he Anglo-American connection is likely to remain a fundamental feature of Australian intelligence policy well into the twenty-first century" seems on the mark.

Australia, Commonwealth of. Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security. Report. Canberra: Australian Government Publications Service, 1977.

This is the Hope report, resulting from the investigation of the one-man -- Justice Robert Marsden Hope -- Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security. Four of the eight volumes were released in October 1977. The volumes released do not cover the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) or the Defense Signals Division (DSD).

Ball, Desmond J. Australia's Secret Space Programs. Canberra: Australian National University, 1988.

According to Cain, I&NS 6.1, Ball's brief (86 pages) monograph describes the establishment of the Australian satellite communications intercept site at Kojarena, near Geraldton, Western Australia. From the site, the Australian Defense Signals Directorate can monitor at least 65 satellites that are in geosynchronous orbit. Cain notes that Australia also maintains satellite intercept facilities at Shoalhaven, near Darwin, and at Watsonia Barracks, Melbourne.

Ball, Desmond J. A Base for Debate: The US Satellite Station at Nurrungar. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1987.

Cain, I&NS 6.1, notes that the U.S. Air Force base at Nurrungar, some 500 miles northeast of Adelaide, differs from the CIA base at Pine Gap in that Nurrungar is "fundamentally ... part of the US defence system and forms an internal element of the US C3I system... Ball argues that Australia obtains no benefit from the Nurrungar base and that the disadvantages of it probably outweigh the advantages."

Ball, Desmond J. Pine Gap: Australia and the U.S. Geostationary Signals Intelligence Satellite Program. Canberra, Australia: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, 1988. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988.

Cain, I&NS 6.1, says that Pine Gap "brings up to date the functions and purpose" of what Ball "declares to be the CIA's most important COMINT spy base outside the USA."

Ball, Desmond J. Signals Intelligence in the Post-Cold War Era: Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993.

According to Kruh, Cryptologia 20.3, this book "details recent developments in global and Asian-Pacific regional SIGINT capabilities and operations." In the Asia-Pacific region, "there has been a significant expansion of SIGINT capabilities and operations over the past decade and it is expected to continue over the foreseeable future."

Ball, Desmond J. A Suitable Piece of Real Estate: American Intelligence in Australia. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1980.

The focus here is on the U.S. satellite ground stations in Australia.

Barnett, Harvey. "Legislation-Based National Security Services: Australia." Intelligence and National Security 9, no. 2 (Apr. 1994): 287- 300.

Barnett, Harvey. "Moles Under Every Bed, or History's Greatest Hoax." Pacific Defense Reporter 13 (Mar. 1987): 7-8. [Petersen]

Barnett, Harvey. Tale of the Scorpion. Melbourne: Macmillan, 1988. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988.

Clark comment: The author was Deputy Director and Director of the Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO) from 1976 to 1985. He came to those positions after a 20-year career with the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS).

Although this memoir "engages in no whistle-blowing," Wark, I&NS 5.3, sees it telling "a great deal about how one intelligence chief viewed the nature of his task." In addition, the author "provides a useful potted history of the evolution of Australian intelligence" since World War II.

Bergin, Anthony, and Robert Hall, eds. Intelligence and Australian National Security. Canberra: Australian Defense Studies Centre, 1994.

According to Herman, I&NS 12.4, the central theme in this collection of 19 conference papers is the coming shift in the center of world power to the Asia Pacific region and how intelligence might help Australia safeguard its position in the face of these changes. Overall, the book "is a distinctive contribution to the literature on intelligence's future, with a refreshing Australian directness."

Buhl, Peter. "Australia's Role in US Intelligence Gathering." Jane's Defense Weekly, 21 Oct. 1989, 860-861.

Cain, Frank.

Deery, Phillip. "Covert Propaganda and the Cold War: Britain and Australia, 1948-1955." The Round Table 361 (2001): 607-621.

Deery, Phillip. "A Double Agent Down Under: Australian Security and the Infiltration of the Left." Intelligence and National Security 22, no. 3 (Jun. 2007): 346-366.

The focus here is on the work of Maximilian Wechsler as a penetration agent for the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO).from 1972 to 1975. His target groups were the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) and the Socialist Workers' League (SWL).

Deery, Phillip. "Menzies, Macmillan and the 'Woomera Spy Case' of 1958." Intelligence and National Security 16, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 23-38.

"The Woomera episode ... highlighted the readiness of Australia and Britain to collude so that American nerves, if aroused, could be calmed."

Friedrich, John [Pseud.], with Richard Flanagan. Codename Iago. Melbourne, Australia: William Heinemann, 1992.

Surveillant 2.4: This is the "sad account of a confused, secretive, and fantasizing man."

Fulghum, David A. "Key Intelligence Role Seen for AEW&C." Aviation Week & Space Technology, 25 Aug. 1997, 53-55.

Australia plans to buy 55-70 airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft; they will fill a key intelligence-gathering role.

Grey, Anthony. The Prime Minister Was a Spy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983.

Wilcox: "Allegation that Australian Prime Minister Harold E. Holt was a Chinese spy."

Hall, Richard. The Rhodes Scholar Spy. Sydney: Random House Australia, 1991.

According to Surveillant 1.6, the author is a journalist and former private secretary to Gough Whitlam. Here, he "presents the case of Ian Francis Milner, a spy for the Soviets in Australia."

Edwards, I&NS 7.2, notes that Milner came under suspicion of passing classified information to the Soviets while working in the Australian Department of External Affairs; he left the country and eventually settled in Prague. Hall adds little to the information in Robert Manne's The Petrov Affair. There are also an "extraordinary number of errors, especially in the spelling of names and biographic details of individuals mentioned in the text."

Hall, Richard. The Secret State: Australia's Spy Industry. Sydney: Cassell Australia, 1978.

Clark comment: If Hall's knowledge of Australian intelligence is no better than the lack of knowledge exhibited in his chapter on the CIA, I would advise extreme caution in relying on this book.

Constantinides suggests that "Hall ... has shown a lack of balance that inevitably colors his views and affects the way he uses facts." Nevertheless, he views Hall as "well-connected and in certain cases well-informed."

However, Cain, I&NS 6.1/242-243, praises Hall's work as "the first to reveal some of the inner intelligence secrets of Australia," and notes that some of Hall's information, even though over 10 years old, remains of "interest and value."

Hocking, Jenny. Beyond Terrorism: The Development of the Australian Security State. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1993.

Horner, David. SAS -- Phantoms of the Jungle: A History of the Australian Special Air Service. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991.

Surveillant 3.1: This book covers "operations of the SAS from 1957 until 1989. The author works at the Strategic and Defense Studies Centre, Australia National University."

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