O'Malley, Brendan, and Ian Craig. The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Expionage and the Turkish Invasion. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1999.1. Cyprus
2. Jordan
3. Lebanon
4. Palestine Liberation Organization
5. Turkey
O'Malley, Brendan, and Ian Craig. The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Expionage and the Turkish Invasion. London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1999.
From advertisement: "The Cyprus Conspiracy provides crucial evidence that this was no failure of American foreign policy,... but the realization of a long-held plot, revealing for the first time the explosive strategic reasons why Washington had to divide the island."
McNay, I&NS 16.3, finds that "the authors sometimes present their 'conspiracy' argument in a tone of breathless astonishment[,]... often sounding a bit overwrought." Nonetheless, this study "provides an interesting and valuable perspective.... The authors do great service to all analyzing the Cyprus issue by illuminating the island's value from an intelligence perspective."
Woodward,
Bob. "CIA Paid Millions to Jordan's King Hussein." Washington
Post, Feb. 18, 1977, A1.
Alin, Erika. The
United States and the 1958 Lebanon Crisis. Lanham, MD: University Press
of America, 1994.
Lucas, I&NS 12.3, calls this a "closely argued and well-documented study." Alin avoids "the trap of arguing that the US unconditionally opposed Arab nationalism." The reviewer also notes that Alin is evaluating U.S. diplomatic and conventional military responses to events in the Lebanon and throughout the Middle East," rather than focusing on intelligence and covert action issues.
Fry, Michael Graham.
"The Uses of Intelligence: The United Nations Confronts the United
States in the Lebanon Crisis, 1958." Intelligence and National Security
10, no. 1 (Jan. 1995): 59-91.
Fry argues that UN Secretary General Hammarskjold achieved considerable success in 1958. This success was in no small part due to the "reach and accuracy" of the intelligence gathered through the United Nations Observer Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL), in competition with the CIA.
Harnden, Toby. "CIA Gets the Go-ahead to Take on Hizbollah." Daily Telegraph (London), 10 Jan. 2007. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk]
A finding signed by President George W. Bush before Christmas 2006 authorizes the CIA "to take covert action against Hizbollah ... to help the Lebanese government prevent the spread of Iranian influence. Senators and congressmen have been briefed on the classified 'non-lethal presidential finding' that allows the CIA to provide financial and logistical support to the prime minister, Fouad Siniora."
Karabell, Zachary. Architects of Intervention: The United States, the Third World, and the Cold War, 1946-1962. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
Cohen, FA 78.6, believes that the author "writes well and does a service by combining case studies on American intervention in Greece, Italy, Iran, Guatemala, Lebanon, Cuba, and Laos. He is strongest on Iran and Lebanon, weakest on Cuba and Laos, and includes no studies of intervention by the Soviets, Chinese, British, or French."
To Sullivan, I&NS 16.2, this is "a readable engaging work," the basic thesis of which is that "local elites essentially manipulated the United States into intervening in their countries to shore up reactionary forces there."
Ignatius, David. "Secret Strategies...." Washington Post, 12 Nov. 2004, A25. [http://www.washingtonpost.com]
"One of the more improbable chapters in the life of Yasser Arafat was his wink-and-nod understanding with the CIA. In secret, Arafat for the past 30 years allowed his top intelligence officers to maintain regular contact with the agency."
Komisar, Lucy. "Turkey's
Terrorists: A CIA Legacy Lives On." The Progressive, Apr. 1997,
24-27.
According to the author, the CIA ended its funding of stay-behind organizations in Turkey in the 1970s. However, the organizations remained in place and spearheaded rightist attacks on leftist groups and individuals.
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